General Court (European Union)

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The General Court is a branch of the Court of Justice of the European Union. From its inception on 1 January 1989 to 30 November 2009, it was known as the Court of First Instance.

Competence

The General Court hears disputes (such as disputes brought by those refused a trademark by OHIM, the EU Trade Mark and designs registry). Appeals are sent to the European Court of Justice. The General Court is an independent Court attached to the European Court of Justice.

The creation of the General Court instituted a judicial system based on two levels of jurisdiction: all cases heard at first instance by the General Court may be subject to a right of appeal to the Court of Justice on points of law only.

In view of the increasing number of cases brought before the General Court in the last five years, in order to relieve it of some of the caseload, the Treaty of Nice, which entered into force on February 1, 2003, provides for the creation of ‘judicial panels’ in certain specific areas.

On November 2, 2004 the Council adopted a decision establishing the European Union Civil Service Tribunal. This new specialised tribunal, composed of seven judges, will hear and determine at first instance disputes involving the European Civil Service. Its decisions will be subject to a right of appeal before the General Court on points of law only. Decisions given by the General Court in this area may exceptionally be subject to review by the Court of Justice. The European Union Civil Service Tribunal was duly constituted into law on December 2, 2005.

The creation of a European Union Patent Tribunal is currently being examined.

Composition

The General Court (previously known as "the Court of First Instance") is composed of 27 judges, at least one from each Member State, plus a registrar. The Judges are appointed for a renewable term of six years by common accord of the governments of the Member States.

The Members of the General Court elect their President and the Presidents of the Chambers of five Judges from among their number for a renewable period of three years.

There are no permanent Advocates General attached to the General Court (unlike the European Court of Justice which has 8 Advocates General). However, the task of an Advocate General may be performed in a limited number of cases by a Judge nominated to do so. In practice this has been done only very occasionally.

List of presidents

Year	Name
1989–1995	José Luis Da Cruz Vilaça
1995–1998	Antonio Saggio
1998–2007	Bo Vesterdorf
2007–present	Marc Jaeger

Judges

Name	Country	Elected	Term Ends
Marc Jaeger	Luxembourg	1996	2010
Josef Azizi	Austria	1995	2013
Arjen Meij	Netherlands	1998	2010
Mihalis Vilaras	Greece	1998	2010
Nicholas James Forwood	United Kingdom	1999	2011
Maria Eugénia Martins de Nazaré Ribeiro	Portugal	2003	2015
Franklin Dehousse	Belgium	2003	2015
Ena Cremona	Malta	2004	2010
Ottó Czúcz	Hungary	2004	2010
Irena Wiszniewska-Białecka	Poland	2004	2010
Irena Pelikánová	Czech Republic	2004	2010
Daniel Šváby	Slovakia	2004	2010
Vilenas Vadapalas	Lithuania	2004	2010
Küllike Jürimäe	Estonia	2004	2010
Ingrida Labucka	Latvia	2004	2010
Savvas S. Papasavvas	Cyprus	2004	2010
Enzo Moavero Milanesi	Italy	2006	2012
Nils Wahl	Sweden	2006	2012
Miro Prek	Slovenia	2006	2013 [1]
Teodor Tchipev	Bulgaria	2006	2012
Valeriu M. Ciucă	Romania	2007	2013
Alfred Dittrich	Germany	2007	2013
Santiago Soldevila Fragoso	Spain	2007	2013
Laurent Truchot	France	2007	2013
Sten Frimodt Nielsen	Denmark	2007	2013
Kevin C.O'Higgins	Ireland	2008	2013
Emmanuel Coulon [1]	France	2005	2011

Former Judges

Name	Country	Elected	Term Ended	Ref.
Virpi Tiili	Finland	January 8, 1995	October 6, 2009	[2]

References

• "General Court: Presentation of the members". European Court of Justice. http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/Jo2_7035/. 

Jurisdiction

The General Court, like the Court of Justice, has the task of ensuring that the law is observed in the interpretation and application of the Treaties constituting the European Communities and the provisions adopted by the competent Community institutions.

In order to fulfil its main task, the General Court has jurisdiction to hear and determine at first instance all direct actions brought by individuals and the Member States, with the exception of those to be assigned to a ‘judicial panel’ and those reserved for the Court of Justice.

Categories of direct actions

• Actions for annulment

(against acts of the Community institutions)

• Actions for failure to act

(against inaction by the Community institutions)

• Actions for damages

(for the reparation of damage caused by unlawful conduct on the part of a Community institution)

• Actions based on an arbitration clause

(disputes concerning contracts in public or private law entered into by the Community, containing such a clause)

• Actions concerning the civil service - As of 2006 these cases were transferred to the new Civil Service Tribunal

(disputes between the Community and its officials and other servants)

Subject-matter of direct actions: all matters, including:

• agriculture
• State aid
• competition
• commercial policy
• regional policy
• social policy
• institutional law
• trade mark law
• transport

Procedure

The General Court has its own Rules of Procedure. As a rule the Court’s procedure includes a written phase and an oral phase. The proceedings are in a language chosen by the applicant. The working language of the Court, however, including the language in which the judges deliberate and the language in which preliminary reports and judgments are drafted is French. This makes the General Court, along with the Court of Justice of the European Union, the only international court where French is the sole working language [2]

The Court is divided into eight chambers, generally consisting of three judges, except for the sixth and the eighth chambers, which consist of four judges and alternate to form three-judge chambers for the purposes of dealing with cases [3]. Cases are distributed by the President of the Court to the Presidents of the chambers. The Presidents of chamber then assign a Judge-Rapporteur amongst the judges in the chamber, whose clerks write a preliminary report (rapport prealable) based on the pleadings received from the parties and the applicable law.

At the close of the written procedure and, as the case may be, on adoption of measures of inquiry, the case is argued orally in open court. The proceedings are interpreted simultaneously, as necessary, into different official languages of the European Union. The Judges then deliberate on the basis of a draft judgment prepared by the Judge-Rapporteur. The judgment is delivered in open court.

References

External links

• General Court (official site)
• ECJBlog.com, weblog with daily news about the European Court of Justice and General Court

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